Stimulants

Stimulants - **Martin Debraine**

 * What are stimulants?**

Stimulants are a class of drugs that enhance brain activity. Stimulants( also called "uppers") are chemicals that stimulate the brain and the central nervous system by increasing the state of mental alertness, attention, and energy that is accompanied by elevated blood pressure and increased heart rate and respiration. Stimulants have the opposite effect of depressants, or "downers". They usually have side-effects and if you take them for an extended period of time, you may become dependent upon them.

Organic
 * Types of Stimulants**
 * Adrenaline
 * Noradrenaline

Legal
 * Caffeine
 * Nicotine
 * Weight loss pills
 * Energy drinks
 * Prescription Amphetamines (Adderall, Desoxyn, Dexadrine)

Illegal
 * Methamphetamine
 * Crack
 * Cocaine
 * Ecstasy

Adrenaline (Epinephrine) is a hormone released in times of stress that allows the body to respond to sudden demands imposed on the body; such as pain, shock, fear, and cold. Produced by the adrenal gland, it is transported through the bloodstream and effects the part of your nervous system that controls heart and breath rate, sweating, pupil dilation and the "fight or flight" syndrome. Adrenaline comes fromt he kidney while Noradrenaline is in the braine. ( that will cause your body to produce adrenaline)( this for some)
 * Adrenaline and Noradrenaline**

similar to Adrenaline in there structures, it mimic the effects of adrenaline but amphetamines are man made drugs. medical uses are mild depressions, narcolepsy ( tendency to fall asleep) and asthma
 * Amphetamines**
 * Caffeine**

**COFFEE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!** Caffeine content of different products cup of ground coffee 80-120 mg cup of instant coffee 65 mg cup of tea 40 mg can of cola 40 mg bar (100g) of plain chocolate 80mg most widelay used stimulants int he world. more then 400 mg per day could cause dependence and physical side effect. nicotine is found in tobacco leaves and cigarette smoke is a source of nicotine. short lived effect as a stimulants. initial uses is followed by depression witch encourages frequent use. methamphetamine is commonly referred to as "**crystal meth**", "**meth**".
 * Nicotine**
 * Methamphetamine**


 * short term effect of Stimulants**
 * facilitate berating by causing relaxation of air passages
 * reduce appetite, used in treatment for obesity
 * Increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Stimulants can constrict the blood vessels in the body which leads to these potentially dangerous conditions.
 * Irregular breathing. After the initial “rush” from the stimulant, the individual may experience shortness of breath or uneven breathing patterns.
 * Hyperactivity. When an individual takes a stimulant, they may become restless and hyperactive as the active ingredients in the drug begin to increase the production of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain.


 * long terms effect of Stimulants**
 * emotional instability or depression
 * restlessness
 * sleeplessness
 * delusions and hallucinations


 * D.5.1 list the physiological effects of stimulants**
 * increase in heart rate and blood pressure,constriction of arteries
 * relaxation of air passages therefore an increase breathing rate (treatment of respiratory infections such as bronchitis)
 * dilation of pupils
 * sweating
 * reduced appetite
 * Increase concentration, treatment for ADHD

they have similar structrues and have the same effects.
 * D.5.2 Compare amphetamines and epinephrine ( adrenaline)**
 * Both have a benzene ring with a hydrocarbon chain containing an amine.
 * Primary amine in amphetamine and secondary amine in adrenaline.( the NH is conected to 2 Carbon in adrenaline but only connected to one Carbon in amphetamine.)
 * Epinephrine has three -OH groups while amphetamine has none




 * Adrenaline comes from within the body, the kidney, while an amphetamine is a man-made drug.


 * SHort term effect of amphetamines**
 * increase mental alertness
 * increase physical energy
 * Long term effect of amphetamines**
 * tolerance
 * dependence
 * severe depression
 * reduced resistance to infection


 * D.5.3 disscus short- and long-term effect of nicotine consumption.**


 * Short term effect of nicotine**
 * constrict blood vessels
 * decrease in urine output
 * decrease in reflex time
 * increase of heart rate and blood pressure
 * irritation of airways
 * Long term effect of nicotine**
 * increase risk of heart disease
 * physical and psychological dependence
 * risk of mouth, gum, lungs and throat cancer
 * develop tolerance


 * D.5.4 Describe the effect of caffeine and compare its structure with that of nicotine.**

also
 * Reduction of fatigue
 * increase in mental alertness
 * increase concentration
 * helps the body to absorb analgesics
 * increase urine output
 * increase in stomach acid and can cause stomach iritation
 * may cause insomnia
 * change in physical coordination
 * dependence
 * withdrawl symptoms of headaches and nausea and sleep troubles

(nicotine and caffeine) similarities
 * both contain a 6 side ring with N and C
 * contain a 5 side ring with N and C
 * both contain alkene group ( C double bonded to an other C )

difference
 * the rings are connected in caffeine but not in nicotine
 * caffeine has 1 alkene and nicotine has 2

[] http://www.treatment4addiction.com/drugs/stimulants/# http://www.michaelshouse.com/drug-addiction/effects-drug-addiction-stimulants/ [] [] [] []