REVIEW

REVIEW for all material in topic d - **Frances Canavan**

**ANALGESICS** Analgesics are pain-killers that relieve pain by interfering with pain receptors in the brain, and the brain's perception of pain.


 * **Mild Analgesics** || **Strong Analagesics** ||
 * used to treat small amounts of pain || used to treat serious pain ||
 * non-narcotic || narcotic ||
 * work by blocking the pain receptors in the brain || work by changing the brain's perception of pain ||
 * not addictive || highly addictive ||
 * Examples: aspirin, acetaminophen, ibprofen, codeine || Examples: morphine, heroine, methadone ||

**Side effects of narcotics** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**ANTACIDS** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Antacids are basic substances used to neutralize excess stomach acid. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Antacids are often used with other chemicals in order to reduce heart burn, or prevent bloating and flatulence. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Aluminum, calcium, magnesium, and sodium based antacids all have varying side effects.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Short term** || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Long term** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">euphoria || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">change in appetite ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">impared coordination || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">risk of disease from shared needles ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">temporary impotence || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">sterility ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">reduced anxiety || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">addiction ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">death in the case of overdose || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">withdrawal ||

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**ANTIBACTERIALS** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Antibacterials are antiseptics that treat bacterial infections by attacking only diseased cells.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**ANTIVIRALS** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Antivirals are drugs that are designed to treat viral infections. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DEPRESSANTS ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Depressants slow down the central nervous system. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Types of depressants are: Tranquilizers, Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Benzodiazepines <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Ethanol (alcohol) and sleeping pils are common forms of depressants. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Too much of a depressant can slow down the nervous system to the point of a coma or even death.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Virus** || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Bacteria** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Core of DNA/RNA, surrounded by the capsid || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Cell structure ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Can survive outside of host cells || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Attatches to other microorganisms or objects ||

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DRUG ACTION ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Drugs can be classified according to their: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Therapeutic Effect <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Structure

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DRUG ACTION 2 **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Drugs can be classified according to their:

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Therapeutic Effect

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Structure

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Beta-Lactam ring is important to Penicillin because it interferes with bacteria’s cell wall synthesis, which stops bacterial infections. It makes the cell hypotonic; the bacteria cell continues to swell with water until it eventually explodes.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Heroin is more non-polar than morphine, and therefore can more easily pass through blood and bran barriers that block polar molecules. This causes heroin to be more potent than morphine.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><range type="comment" id="671260">DRUG DESIGN **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rational Drug Design- Drugs are created to interact with specific molecules within the body.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Lead compounds- compounds that produce the most desirable pharmaceutical results.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Compound Libraries: stored details on combinations of the lead compound with various candidate molecules ‍.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Types of Drug Design/Testing: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Combinatorial Synthesis <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Parallel Synthesis <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">High-throughput screening (HTS) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Computer-Aided design (CAD) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Different Drug structures used to maximize absorption and distribution <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Reaction of Carboxylic Acid to form ionic salt <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Reaction of Amine to form ionic salt <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Asymmetric Synthesis - Single Enantiomer

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**MIND ALTERING DRUGS** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hallucinogens- drugs that alter how one percieves things with the five senses. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Examples: LSD (from grain fungus ergot), Mescaline (from flowers of peyote cactus), Psilocybin (Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Cannabis- commonly used drug, depressant and mild hallucinogen

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Drugs- chemicals that affect how one’s body functions <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Medicine- a substance that improves health, usually by assisting the body in its natural healing processes. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Drugs can be taken in various ways, such as through the mouth, inhalation, injection, etc. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">There are different types of medicines; some affect metabolic processes, some target the brain/nervous system, and placebos, which aren’t considered to be drugs, since they work more psychologically.